Tuesday, September 20, 2011

Causes of Atrial Fibrillation



  • Hypertension or High blood presure
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Mitral Stenosis due to Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Mitral Regurgitation
  • Pericarditis
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Previous Heart Surgery
  • Lung Cancer
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Binge Drinking
  • Carbon Monooxide poisoning
  • Dual Chamber Pacemakers in Presence of Normal AV conduction
  • Friedrich`s Ataxia
  • Family History of Atrial Fibrillation


Sunday, July 3, 2011

How To Interpret an ECG/EKG

Here are most important features to analyze on every ECG


  1. Heart Rate
  2. Rhythm
  3. PR interval
  4. P wave Size
  5. QRS width/Interval
  6. QT interval
  7. QRS Voltage
  8. Mean QRS electrical Axis
  9. R wave progression in Chest Leads
  10. Abnormal Q waves 
  11. ST Segments
  12. T waves
  13. U waves

Monday, June 27, 2011

Differential Diagnosis of Q waves on the Electrocardiogram

1. Positional or Physiological Q waves on the ECG

A. Normal Variant Septal Q waves
B. Normal Variant Q Waves in Leads V1, V2, AVL, III and AVF
C. Acute Loss of lateral R wave progression in case of Left sided Pneumothorax.
D. Chronic loss of lateral R wave progression in case of Dextrocardia.

2. Q waves in case of Myocardial infiltration and injury

A. Acute processes

  •  Myocardial Infacrtion or Ischemia
  • Myocarditis
  • Hyperkalemia
B. Chronic Processes
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Myocarditis
  • Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy
  • Amyloid
  • Sarcoid
  • Tumor
3. Ventricular Hypertrophy or Enlargement

A. Slow R wave progression in case of left ventricular Hypertrophy
B. Reversed R wave progression in Case of  Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
C. Slow R wave progression in case of chronic obstructive lung disease.
D. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy can also simulate anterior, inferior, posterior or lateral infarcts.

4. Conduction Abnormalities

A. Slow R wave progression in case of Left Bundle Branch Block
B. Wolff Parkinson White Pattern



Monday, June 6, 2011

Post Myocardial Infarction Complications

Ischemic Complications

  • Infarct Expansion
  • Reinfarction
  • Post MI Angina
Mechanical Complications
  • Heart Failure
  • Cardiogenic Shock
  • Cardiac Rupture
  • Mitral Valve Dysfunction
  • Aneurysm
Arrythmic Complications
  • Atrial and Ventricular Arrhthmias
  • Sinus or atrioventricular node Dysfunction
Embolic Complications
  • CNS Embolization
  • Periphral Embolization
Inflammatory Complication
  • Pericarditis